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Tio estas la Kurso Baza de Esperanto España :-)
LESSON 1
Unua leciono
Introduction.-
This course was originally written in four sheets in Spanish, being its aim to provide an optimised sketch of the Esperanto Grammar. Nothing necessary to speak and write it correctly is missing in these lessons. However, besides this knowledge we will need a vocabulary of around one thousand words to be able to express everything we want in Esperanto. This will be achieved with Zamenhof's fundamental dictionary which he published in 1887 and which is also in this page.
To go back to the menu, click here
To go on with the Rules, click here.
General Rules:
- In Esperanto, NO RULE HAS EXCEPTION.
- STRESS falls ALWAYS on the second-last sillable, that is to say, all Esperanto words are grave. That is why there is no graphical accent in Esperanto.
- Any word has AS MANY SYLLABLES as VOWELS there are in it.
- All letters are pronounced.
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IMPORTANT REMARK.-
In Esperanto we use all the letters in the English alphabet, and also some others which do not exist in it, and which are written or typed with a circunflex accent on the letters c, s, j, g and h to represent the sounds which in English are usually represented with the digraphs ch, sh, j or that do not exist in English. We will describe them in short.This problem is already solved in Windows and MacIntosh, but we must have installed the fonts LATIN3. If you have the file LATIN3.ZIP, you must unpack the fonts in it and install them in Windows. If you do not have them, click here to have them sent to you. Be patient, as the file is about 300 kbytes long!
We have adapted this course specially for these type fonts, so you will need them so that your computer understands them correctly. If, in spite of all this, you see strange characteres, have in mind the convention Zamenhof himself suggested to represent those signs: ĝ= gh, ĉ=ch, ŝ= sh, ¼= jh ĥ= hh, ŭ= semivowel u, and their corresponding capital letters: Ĝ= Gh Ĉ= Ch Ŝ= Sh ¼= Jh ĥ= Hh and Semivowel Ŭ= U.
Many people prefer using the letter x after these letters, so instead Ĉ they write Cx, substituting the other signs by gx, sx, hx, jx and ux, there being now computer programs which automatically change these characters, but the only advantage we see in this is that they also provide for the semivowel U, which Zamenhof left out. Anyway, I think the best is using a font which includes the Esperanto characters, because it is the samartest option, and it agrees with the foneticism of Esperanto (a character per sound, a sound per character).
MenuThe Alphabet
A a, B b, C c, Ĉ ĉ, D d, E e, F f, G g, Ĝ ĝ, H h, Ĵ ĥ, I i, J j, Ĥ ¼, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p , R r, S s, Ŝ ŝ, T t, U u, Ŭ ŭ , V v, Z z.
NOTICE.- Press HERE to stop the music so that you can hear the sounds of Esperanto. You need the program Purevoice, located at the address http://www.eudora.com/purevoice/pluginDL.html or at the Esperanto España compact disk.
The reference sounds are contained in the following words:
- a abelo
- b bopatro
- c celo, cigano
- ĉ ĉielo
- d Dio
- e ekonomio
- f falante
- g geologio
- ĝ ĝardeno
- h hotelo
- i indiano
- j jako
- ¼ ¼us
- k kial, kajero
- l leono
- m miri
- n noto
- o operacio
- p piedo
- r rozo
- s sistemo
- ŝ ŝlosilo
- t tiel
- u ulo
- v vetero
- z zono
- semivokaloj
- ŭ aŭ
- j jes
This is an explanation of the peculiar sounds of Esperanto.
SUMMARY:
- VOWELS: a, e, i, o, u (as in star, bed, eel, saw, bull). - SEMIVOWELS: j pronounced as y in day ŭ pronounced as w in now or west. - CONSONANTS: THERE ARE NO DOUBLE CONSONANTS, so any two following one another are pronounced each.
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PRONUNCIATION of the consonants not existing in English:
We should care not to pronounce C in two strokes, t and s, since the sound of C is that of those letters AT THE SAME TIME. Do not confuse with ĉ!Character Explanation Example c simultaneous t and s, as in "tse-tse fly". LECIONO (letsiono) = lesson, PACO (patso) = peace. ĉ: English ch . Ejs.: ĉevalo (chevalo) = horse; ĉeno (cheno) = chain. g always as in guest . generalo (gueneralo) = general; gitaro (guitaro) = guitar. ĝ J as in judge. aĝo (allo) = age; ĝardeno = garden. h as in he . Ejs.: haro = hair; havi = to have. ĥ ch as in Scottish Loch or German Ach. ĥoro = choir; meĥaniko = mechanic. j y as in yesterday or day juna (yooner) = young; jes (yes) =yes. ¼ s as in pleasure. French j as in jeter. Voiced sh. ¼aŭdo= Thursday. ¼us= just. ŝ sh as in she. ŝafo (ŝafo) = sheep, ŝi= she. Ŭ sounds like English w aŭ= or, malgraŭ= in spite of.
THE ARTICLE
- Esperanto has just one article: LA (=the).
- There is no indefinite article ( it is understood by default).
Ex.: La homo: the man; la patro: the father; la kolombo: the dove. Homo: a man; patro: a father ; kolombo: a dove.
PLURAL
It is formed by adding a -j to the singular. Ex. homo~homoj, patro~patroj, kolombo~kolomboj, birdo~birdoj, kafo~kafoj, alta~altaj.Adjectives, unlike English take the plural, and they must agree with nouns. Examples: junaj homoj= young people; montoj malnovaj= old mountains.
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Esperanto Spain: Kurso de Esperanto - 1996
LESSON 2
Dua leciono
Stop the music and listen to me :-)
WORD ENDINGS
NOUNS IN -o ADJECTIVES IN -a ADVERBS IN -e
lundo lunda lunde mardo ______ ______ merkredo ______ ______ ¼aŭdo ______ ______ vendredo ______ ______ sabato ______ ______ februaro ______ ______ klaso ______ ______ leciono ______ ______
Do you mean you already know more Esperanto than English?
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MenuPERSONAL PRONOUNS NOMINATIVE ACUSATIVE DATIVE I mi me min to me al mi you vi to you vin for you al vi he li to him lin for him al li she ŝi to her ŝin for her al ŝi it ĝi to it ĝin for it al ĝi we ni to us nin for us al ni you vi to you vin for you al vi they ili to them ilin for them al ili
Possessives
They are formed adding -a to the respective personal pronoun:miA, viA, liA, ŝiA, ĝiA, niA, viA, iliA.
Ex.: La kato de mia avo estas ruza (my granfather's cat is crafty).
Via vivo ne ĉiam estis tiel malgaja (your life was not always so sad).
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Esperanto Spain: Kurso de Esperanto - 1996
LESSON 3
Tria lecionoStop the music and listen to me :-)
Verb endings infinitive present past future conditional imperative English -I -AS -IS -OS -US -U To --- havi havas havis havos havus havu to Have esti estas estis estos estus estu to Be povi povas povis povos povus povu to Be Able to lavi lavas lavis lavos lavus lavu to Wash insulti insultas insultis insultos insultus insultu to Insult scii scias sciis scios scius sciu to Know fini finas finis finos finus finu to End vidi vidas vidis vidos vidus vidu to See aŭdi aŭdas aŭdis aŭdos aŭdus aŭdu to Hear dormi dormas dormis dormos dormus dormu to Sleep legi legas legis legos legus legu to Read salti saltas saltis saltos saltus saltu to Jump aŭskulti aŭskultas aŭskultis aŭskultos aŭskultus aŭskultu to Listen to lerni lernas lernis lernos lernus lernu to Learn manĝi manĝas manĝis manĝos manĝus manĝu to Eat
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Esperanto Spain: Kurso de Esperanto - 1996
COMPOUND TENSES ARE FORMED WITH THE VERB ESTI (=TO BE)
Mi estas amanta= I am loving
Mi estas aminta= I have loved
Mi estas amonta= I am going to loveMi estis amanta= I was loving
Mi estis aminta= I had loved
Mi estis amonta= I was going to love
Mi estos amanta= I will be loving
Mi estos aminta= I will have loved
Mi estos amonta= I will be going to love.
Mi estas amata= I am loved.
mi estas amita= I have been loved
mi estas amota= I will be loved / I am going to be loved
Mi estis amata= I was loved
mi estis amita= I had been loved
mi estis amota= I was going to be loved
Mi estos amata= I will be loved
mi estos amita= I will have been loved
mi estos amota= I will be going to be loved
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Esperanto Spain: Kurso de Esperanto - 1996
LESSON 4
Kvara lecionoSIMPLE VOICES DIAGRAM
§ Quantity time cause mood place kind thing person posse-
ssivePre/sufix OM AM AL EL E A O U ES Indefinite: i- IOM IAM IAL IEL IE IA IO IU IES Negati-
ve: neni-NENI-
OMNENI-
AMNEN-
IALNENI-
ELNEN-
IENEN-
IANEN-
IONEN-
IUNENI-
ESTODO:
ĈIĈIOM ĈIAM ĈIAL ĈIEL ĈIE ĈIA ĈIO ĈIU ĈIES Demos-
trative:
tiTIOM TIAM TIAL TIEL TIE TIA TIO TIU TIES ? :ki KION KIAM KIAL KIEL KIE KIA KIO KIU KIES
NUMBERS:
1 Unu 2 du 3 tri 4 kvar 5 kvin 6 ses 7 sep 8 ok 9 naŭ 10 dek 11 dekunu 12 dekdu 13 dektri 14 dekkvar 15 dekkvin 16 dekses 17 deksep 18 dekok 19 deknaŭ
20 DUDEK 30 TRIDEK 40 KVARDEK 50 KVINDEK 60 SESDEK 70 SEPDEK 80 OKDEK 90 NAŬDEK 100 CENT 1000 MIL 1.000.000 MILIONO 1.000.000.000 MILIARDO
MenuACUSATIVE
The accusative or direct object is formed adding an -N to the word.
Exs.: Antonio skribas LETERON= Anthony is writing a letter.
Antonio legas bonajn librojn= Anthony reads good books.
Jozefo faras cigarojn maldikajn sed longajn= Joseph makes thin but long cigarettes.
Petro rigardas Johanon kaj Sofian= Peter is looking at John and Sophie.
Li rekomendis al Rafaelo Petron=Peter recommended Rafael.
Mi trovis la vinon bonan= I found the wine good.
Bonan tagon!= Good morning! (because it is the complement in I wish you good morning!).
The accusative is also used to show the place where you are going to (direction accusative), and in dates, measures, prizes and weight.
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Esperanto Spain: Kurso de Esperanto - 1996
LECCIóN 5ª
Kvina lecionoWORD composition
- SIMPLE: they consist of only one root. Exs.: ĉaso (pron. ĉaso) = hunt hundo= dog, homo = man, kapo = head.
- COMPOSED: they have two roots. Ejs.: ĉaŝundo (hunting dog), homkapo (human head).
- DERIVATIVE: they are formed by at least a root plus a suffix or prefix. Exs.: bofilo= son-in-law, vorteto= little word.
PREFFIX LIST:
BO: it shows relation because of marriage. Ejs.: bopatro= father-in-law, bofrato= brother-in-law.
DIS: separation. SEMI = to saw, DISSEMI= to spread; DONI= to give, DISDONI= to spread.
EK: start something. LEGI= to read, EKLEGI= to start reading; EKVIDI= to glance.
EKS: "ex", it was so. Ejs.: eksdirektoro, eksministro, eksprezidanto, eksedzo.
GE: both sexes in one. GEPATROJ= father and mother, GEKNABOJ= boys and girls.
MAL: the opposite to the root. Ejs.: SANA= healthy, MALSANA= ill, DIKA= fat, MALDIKA= thin; AMI= to love, MALAMI= to hate.
PRA: far relatives, like great in English. Exs.: AVO= grandfather, PRAAVO= great-grandfather.
RE: repetition. FARI= to do, REFARI= To do again. FRAPI= to strike, REFRAPI= to strike again;DIRI= to say, REDIRI= to repeat.
FI: ethically objectionable: vorto= word, fivorto= cursing word.
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SUFFIX LIST
aĉ: it shows despisal. Domo= house, domaĉo= slob house; popolo= people, popolaĉo= mob.
ad: continuous action. Parolo= word, parolado= speech; bato= strike, batado= beating.
a¼: something made of... Infano= child, infana¼o= childish thing or action; sukero= sugar, sukera¼o= a sweet.
an: member of... Usono= The United States of America, usonano= American; klubo= club, klubano= a club member.
ar: a set. Dento= diente, dentaro= (all your) teeth; Ŝtupo= stair, Ŝtuparo= stair case. Homo= man or woman, Homaro= Mankind.
ebl: possible. Kredi= to believe, Kredebla= believable; legi= to read, legebla= readable.
ec: abstract quality. Infaneco= childhood. Mola= soft, Moleco= softness. Amikeco= friendship.
eg: augmentative. Pluvo= rain, Pluvego= deluge. Bona, bonega= extremely good.
ej: place in which... Kafo= coffee, Kafejo= cafeteria, lerni= to learn, lernejo= school. Manĝejo= dining room.
em: tendency. Kredi= believe, Kredema= gullible; Babili= to chat, Babilema= talkative.
er: individual element. Fajro= fire, Fajrero= spark; sablero= sand speck. Monero.
estr: boss. Urbo= city, Urbestro= city mayor. Ŝipo= ship, Ŝipestro= ship captain.
et: diminutive. Glaso= glass, Glaseto= little glass. Rivero= river, Rivereto= brook. Piedeto.
id: offspring. Rego= king, Regido= prince. Ĉevalo= horse, Ĉevalido= colt.
ig: to make somebody of something do something. Pura= pure, clean, purigi= purify. Juna= young, junigi= to make younger. Morti= to die, Mortigi= to kill.
iĝ: to become... Puriĝi= to clean oneself, juniĝi= to become younger; formi= to form, formiĝi= to form oneself.
il: instrumento. Kudri= yo sew, Kudrilo= needle; Kombi= to comb, Kombilo= a comb.
in: femenine. Hundino, patrino, ĉevalino, infanino, kolombino, onklino, birdino, katino, elefantino, leonino, tigrino.
ind: worth +ing. Aminda= worth loving. Miri= ro admire, Mirinda= worth admire. Leginda= worth reading,
ing= a thing in which something is introduced partially. Fingro= finger, Fingringo= thimble; piedo= foot, piedingo= stirrup. Glavo= sword, glavingo= sheath. Cigaringo= cigarette holder.
ist= job, profession. Kuraci= to cure, Kuracisto= doctor. Dentisto, pianisto, instruisto, pentristo, okulisto, glavisto.
uj= something which embodying something said by the root: . Supo= soup, Supujo= bowl; pomo= apple, pomujo= apple-tree. That is why this suffix is used to mean countries: Hispanujo, Francujo, Anglujo, Germanujo, Italujo, Rusujo, etc., are Spain, France, England, Germany, Italy, Russia, etc.
ul: individual person characterised by this feature: Gibo= hump, Gibulo= hunchbacked; trinki= to drink, trinkulo= a drunkard.
um: undetermined suffix, with ambiguous meaning. It is not very much used. Kolo= neck, Kolumo= collar; manumo= sleeve. Gustumi= to taste.
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FEMININE
It is formed by adding the suffix -IN to the root. Exs.:
PATRINO, AVINO, FRATINO, LEONINO, DIREKTORINO, PROFESORINO, BOFRATINO, EDZINO, VIRINO, HUNDINO, KATINO (she-cat), etc.
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Esperanto Spain: Kurso de Esperanto - 1996
LESSON 6
Sesa lecionoPREPOSITIONS:
antaŭ: before, in front of, ago. Antaŭ la domo= in front of the house. Antaŭ tri tagoj= three days ago.
anstataŭ: instead of. Anstataŭ ŝi, li iris tien= instead of him, she went there.
apud: beside. Apud la domo= beside the house. Apudulo= neighbour.
ĉe: in the house of. Ĉe vi= at your house. Ĉe mia patro= at my father's.
ĉirkaŭ: around. Ĉirkaŭ la urbo= around the city.
da: of, some (partitive, that is to say, it stablishes a part out of a whole). Glaso da vino= a glass of wine (the wine inside the glass). Kilo da viando= a kilogram of meat.
de: of, for. Glaso de vino= glass for wine. De la patro: for the father.
ekster: out of. Ekster la domo= out of the house.
el: from. Tradukita el la japana= translated from the Japanese. Mi venas el Germanujo= I come from Germany.
en: in, inside.Resti en la parko= to stay in the park.
ĝis: as far as, till. Iri ĝis la parko= to go as far as the park. Ĝis morgaŭ= see you tomorrow (till tomorrow).
inter: between, among. Inter ili estis negro= among them there was a blackman.
kontraŭ: against, in front of. Kontraŭ la malamiko= against the enemy. Kontraŭ la domo= in front of the house.
krom: besides, in addition to. Krom li, aliaj aplaŭdis= besides him, some others applauded.
kun: con. Kafo kun lakto= café con leĉe. Ŝi iris kun mi.
laŭ: según. Laŭ la reguloj de la ludo= según las reglas del juego.
per: through, with, by means of. Ligi per ŝnuro= to tie with a rope.
Peranto= deputy, commissioner.
por: for, to. Lernolibroj por infanoj= study book for children.
post: after, behind: Post la domo estas la arbaro= the forest is behind the house.
preter: beyond. Li pasis preter mi= li stepped beyond me.
pri: on, about. Diskuti pri gustoj= to discuss about tastes. Oni parolis pri vi= somebody talked about you, you were talked about.
pro: because of. Li suferas multe pro sia kulpo= he is suffering a lot because of himself.
sen: without. Agi sen pensi= to act without thinking. Sentaŭgulo= somebody good for nothin, stupid one. Senhelpa= helpless.
sub: under, bellow. La kato kuris sub la lito= the cat ran under the bed.
super: over. Superhomo= superman. La lampo estas super la tablo= the lamp is over the table.
sur: on. Li forgesis la libron sur la tablo= he forgot the book on the table.
tra: through. Ŝi naĝis tra la rivero= she swam through the river.
trans: across. Ni naĝis tra la rivero= we swam across the river.
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Esperanto Spain: Kurso de Esperanto - 1996
LESSON 7
Sepa lecionoADJECTIVES:
- They always end with -a. They can be before OR AFTER the noun, unlike in English: La blanka rozo aŭ la rozo blanka, which means the white rose.
- It agrees with the noun in number and case (there is no gender for adjectives in Esperanto):
Li pentris la belajn rozojn: he painted the beautiful roses. Note that also li pentris la rozojn belajn is also possible.
Degrees of adjective
- Positive: blanka (white)
- Comparative:
- superiority:Pli blanka ol vi. (More white than you)
- inferiority: Malpli blanka ol vi (less white than you).
- equality: Tiel blanka kiel vi (so white as you).
- Superlative
- superiority: la plej blanka el ĉiuj (the most white of all).
- inferiority: la malplej blanka el ili (the least white of them).
- relative:
- kiel eble plej blanka: the most white possible.
- Kiel eble malplej blanka: the least white possible.
- kiel eble plej blanka: the most white possible.
MenuAdjectives in comparative degree POSITIVE Superiority comparative Inferiority comparative Equality comparative bona pli bona ol vi malpli bona ol vi tiel bona kiel vi riĉa pli riĉa ol vi malpli riĉa ol vi tiel riĉa kiel vi granda pli granda ol vi malpli granda ol vi tiel granda kiel vi dolĉa pli dolĉa ol vi malpli dolĉa ol vi tiel dolĉa kiel vi bela pli bela ol vi malpli bela ol vi tiel bela kiel vi forta pli forta ol vi malpli forta ol vi tiel forta kiel vi
MenuAdjectives in Superlative degree POSITIVE Superiority SUPERLATIVE Inferiority Relative bona La plej bona el ĉiuj La malplej bona el ili kiel eble plej bona riĉa La plej riĉa el ĉiuj La malplej riĉa el ili kiel eble plej riĉa granda La plej granda el ĉiuj La malplej granda el ili kiel eble plej granda lerta La plej lerta el ĉiuj La malplej lerta el ili kiel eble plej lerta inteligenta La plej inteligenta el ĉiuj La malplej inteligenta el ili kiel eble plej inteligenta
THE NUMERAL ADJECTIVES: Revise the cardinal numbers in lesson 4.
- ORDINALS: they are formed by adding -a to the cardinal numbers:
dua (second), tria (third), kvara (fourth), etc. - MULTIPLIED: they are formed by adding -OBL: CENTOBLO: hundredfold, DUOBLO: double, TRIOBLO: treble, KVAROBLO: four times, etc.
- FRACTIONARY: they are formed by adding -ONO: DUONO= half, TRIONO=
third, KVARONO= fourth part, SESONO= a sixth, etc.
- COLECTIVE: they are formed by adding -OP: DUOPE= two by two, TRIOPE= three at the time, MILOPE= thousand by thousand, etc.
- DISTRIBUTIVE: PO is added before the number: Donu po tri pomoj= give them three apples each.
OTHER ADJECTIVES:
We know already the regularadjectives, the numeral and possessive ones. Now we will see other kind of adjectives which are very useful:KELKA: some. Li uzis kelkajn ilojn= he used some tools.
ALIA: other. Li uzis aliajn vortojn= he used other words.
CETERA= remainder. Li legis la ceterajn librojn= he read the other (the remainder) books.
TUTA: the whole. La tuto estas pli granda ol la parto: the whole is bigger than the part. (The adjective tuta has been converted into a noun. This is easier than in English, where to translate fiŝa(related to fish, that is to say, to fiŝo, we need ichthyologic, since fishing is related to to fish instead to the noun itself...) SAMA: same. Mi trovis la samajn ilojn= I found the same tools.
MEM: -self . Estis mi mem kiu pafis lin= I shot him myself.
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LESSON 8 Oka leciono
CONJUNCTIONS:
Menuanstataŭ= instead of kaj cetere=etcaetera (and the rest) kaj tiel plu=etcaetera (and the rest) antaŭ ol=before, earlier than aŭ=or ke= that kondiĉe ke= provided that ĉar= because kontraŭe= unlike ĉiam kiam= as long as ĉu= whether, if (expressing doubt) kvankam= though ĉu ... ĉu= or ... or malgraŭ= in spite of do= for, since, so nek= nor ja= indeed (emphatic) por ke= so that jen= there's ____ (deictic), as in
there's Paula!same kiel= the same as kaj= and se= if sed= but se nur= if only sekve= therefore tamen= sin embargo tial ke=for that, because ju pli ...des pli= the more... the less...
INTERJECTIONS:
ha!= ha! hura!= hurra! ve!= alas! ho!= oh! fi!= augh! (disgust) brave!= bravo! antaŭen!= forward! helpon!= help! for!= away! he!= hey!
VERBS:
SUBJUNTIVE: It is conjugated like the imperative.
Ej.: ke mi estu= let me be.GERUND:
aspekto PAST PRESENT FUTURE active: -inte ante -onte pasive: -ite -ate -ote PARTICIPLE:
aspect PASADO PRESENTE FUTURO active: -inta -anta -onta pasive ita ata ota
MenuĈi tiu dokumento venis al vi el Esperanto Spain :-)
Se jes, skribu al Jesuo de las Heras, Murcia.
Ĉu vi jam parolas Esperanton?
Se ne, skribu ankaŭ al mi. Mi eble povas helpi vin! :-)
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